ML2 plug-in¶
Architecture¶
The Modular Layer 2 (ML2) neutron plug-in is a framework allowing OpenStack Networking to simultaneously use the variety of layer 2 networking technologies found in complex real-world data centers. The ML2 framework distinguishes between the two kinds of drivers that can be configured:
Type drivers
Define how an OpenStack network is technically realized. Example: VXLAN
Each available network type is managed by an ML2 type driver. Type drivers maintain any needed type-specific network state. They validate the type specific information for provider networks and are responsible for the allocation of a free segment in project networks.
Mechanism drivers
Define the mechanism to access an OpenStack network of a certain type. Example: Open vSwitch mechanism driver.
The mechanism driver is responsible for taking the information established by the type driver and ensuring that it is properly applied given the specific networking mechanisms that have been enabled.
Mechanism drivers can utilize L2 agents (via RPC) and/or interact directly with external devices or controllers.
Multiple mechanism and type drivers can be used simultaneously to access different ports of the same virtual network.
Todo
Picture showing relationships
ML2 driver support matrix¶
| type driver / mech driver | Flat | VLAN | VXLAN | GRE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open vSwitch | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Linux bridge | yes | yes | yes | no |
| SRIOV | yes | yes | no | no |
| MacVTap | yes | yes | no | no |
| L2 population | no | no | yes | yes |
Note
L2 population is a special mechanism driver that optimizes BUM (Broadcast, unknown destination address, multicast) traffic in the overlay networks VXLAN and GRE. It needs to be used in conjunction with either the Linux bridge or the Open vSwitch mechanism driver and cannot be used as standalone mechanism driver. For more information, see the Mechanism drivers section below.
Configuration¶
Network type drivers¶
To enable type drivers in the ML2 plug-in. Edit the
/etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini file:
[ml2]
type_drivers = flat,vlan,vxlan,gre
Note
For more details，see the Bug 1567792.
For more details, see the Networking configuration options of Configuration Reference.
The following type drivers are available
- Flat
- VLAN
- GRE
- VXLAN
Provider network types¶
Provider networks provide connectivity like project networks. But only administrative (privileged) users can manage those networks because they interface with the physical network infrastructure. More information about provider networks see OpenStack Networking.
Flat
The administrator needs to configure a list of physical network names that can be used for provider networks. For more details, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
VLAN
The administrator needs to configure a list of physical network names that can be used for provider networks. For more details, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
GRE
No additional configuration required.
VXLAN
The administrator can configure the VXLAN multicast group that should be used.
Note
VXLAN multicast group configuration is not applicable for the Open vSwitch agent.
As of today it is not used in the Linux bridge agent. The Linux bridge agent has its own agent specific configuration option. For more details, see the Bug 1523614.
Project network types¶
Project networks provide connectivity to instances for a particular project. Regular (non-privileged) users can manage project networks within the allocation that an administrator or operator defines for them. More information about project and provider networks see OpenStack Networking.
Project network configurations are made in the
/etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini configuration file on the neutron
server:
VLAN
The administrator needs to configure the range of VLAN IDs that can be used for project network allocation. For more details, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
GRE
The administrator needs to configure the range of tunnel IDs that can be used for project network allocation. For more details, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
VXLAN
The administrator needs to configure the range of VXLAN IDs that can be used for project network allocation. For more details, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
Note
Flat networks for project allocation are not supported. They only can exist as a provider network.
Mechanism drivers¶
To enable mechanism drivers in the ML2 plug-in, edit the
/etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini file on the neutron server:
[ml2]
mechanism_drivers = ovs,l2pop
Note
For more details, see the Bug 1567792.
For more details, see the Configuration Reference.
Linux bridge
No additional configurations required for the mechanism driver. Additional agent configuration is required. For details, see the related L2 agent section below.
Open vSwitch
No additional configurations required for the mechanism driver. Additional agent configuration is required. For details, see the related L2 agent section below.
SRIOV
The administrator needs to define a list PCI hardware that shall be used by OpenStack. For more details, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
MacVTap
No additional configurations required for the mechanism driver. Additional agent configuration is required. Please see the related section.
L2 population
The administrator can configure some optional configuration options. For more details, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
Specialized
Open source
External open source mechanism drivers exist as well as the neutron integrated reference implementations. Configuration of those drivers is not part of this document. For example:
- OpenDaylight
- OpenContrail
Proprietary (vendor)
External mechanism drivers from various vendors exist as well as the neutron integrated reference implementations.
Configuration of those drivers is not part of this document.
Extension Drivers¶
The ML2 plug-in also supports extension drivers that allows other pluggable
drivers to extend the core resources implemented in the ML2 plug-in
(networks, ports, etc.). Examples of extension drivers include support
for QoS, port security, etc. For more details see the extension_drivers
configuration option in the Configuration Reference.
Agents¶
L2 agent¶
An L2 agent serves layer 2 (Ethernet) network connectivity to OpenStack resources. It typically runs on each Network Node and on each Compute Node.
Open vSwitch agent
The Open vSwitch agent configures the Open vSwitch to realize L2 networks for OpenStack resources.
Configuration for the Open vSwitch agent is typically done in the
openvswitch_agent.iniconfiguration file. Make sure that on agent start you pass this configuration file as argument.For a detailed list of configuration options, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
Linux bridge agent
The Linux bridge agent configures Linux bridges to realize L2 networks for OpenStack resources.
Configuration for the Linux bridge agent is typically done in the
linuxbridge_agent.iniconfiguration file. Make sure that on agent start you pass this configuration file as argument.For a detailed list of configuration options, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
SRIOV Nic Switch agent
The sriov nic switch agent configures PCI virtual functions to realize L2 networks for OpenStack instances. Network attachments for other resources like routers, DHCP, and so on are not supported.
Configuration for the SRIOV nic switch agent is typically done in the
sriov_agent.iniconfiguration file. Make sure that on agent start you pass this configuration file as argument.For a detailed list of configuration options, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
MacVTap agent
The MacVTap agent uses kernel MacVTap devices for realizing L2 networks for OpenStack instances. Network attachments for other resources like routers, DHCP, and so on are not supported.
Configuration for the MacVTap agent is typically done in the
macvtap_agent.iniconfiguration file. Make sure that on agent start you pass this configuration file as argument.For a detailed list of configuration options, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
L3 agent¶
The L3 agent offers advanced layer 3 services, like virtual Routers and Floating IPs. It requires an L2 agent running in parallel.
Configuration for the L3 agent is typically done in the
l3_agent.ini configuration file. Make sure that on agent start
you pass this configuration file as argument.
For a detailed list of configuration options, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
DHCP agent¶
The DHCP agent is responsible for DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) and RADVD (Router Advertisement Daemon) services. It requires a running L2 agent on the same node.
Configuration for the DHCP agent is typically done in the
dhcp_agent.ini configuration file. Make sure that on agent start
you pass this configuration file as argument.
For a detailed list of configuration options, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
Metadata agent¶
The Metadata agent allows instances to access cloud-init meta data and user data via the network. It requires a running L2 agent on the same node.
Configuration for the Metadata agent is typically done in the
metadata_agent.ini configuration file. Make sure that on agent start
you pass this configuration file as argument.
For a detailed list of configuration options, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
L3 metering agent¶
The L3 metering agent enables layer3 traffic metering. It requires a running L3 agent on the same node.
Configuration for the L3 metering agent is typically done in the
metering_agent.ini configuration file. Make sure that on agent start
you pass this configuration file as argument.
For a detailed list of configuration options, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
Security¶
L2 agents support some important security configurations.
Security Groups
For more details, see the related section in the Configuration Reference.
Arp Spoofing Prevention
Configured in the L2 agent configuration.
Reference implementations¶
Overview¶
In this section, the combination of a mechanism driver and an L2 agent is called ‘reference implementation’. The following table lists these implementations:
| Mechanism Driver | L2 agent |
|---|---|
| Open vSwitch | Open vSwitch agent |
| Linux bridge | Linux bridge agent |
| SRIOV | SRIOV nic switch agent |
| MacVTap | MacVTap agent |
| L2 population | Open vSwitch agent, Linux bridge agent |
The following tables shows which reference implementations support which non-L2 neutron agents:
| Reference Implementation | L3 agent | DHCP agent | Metadata agent | L3 Metering agent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open vSwitch & Open vSwitch agent | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Linux bridge & Linux bridge agent | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| SRIOV & SRIOV nic switch agent | no | no | no | no |
| MacVTap & MacVTap agent | no | no | no | no |
Note
L2 population is not listed here, as it is not a standalone mechanism. If other agents are supported depends on the conjunctive mechanism driver that is used for binding a port.
More information about L2 population see the OpenStack Manuals.
Buying guide¶
This guide characterizes the L2 reference implementations that currently exist.
Open vSwitch mechanism and Open vSwitch agent
Can be used for instance network attachments as well as for attachments of other network resources like routers, DHCP, and so on.
Linux bridge mechanism and Linux bridge agent
Can be used for instance network attachments as well as for attachments of other network resources like routers, DHCP, and so on.
SRIOV mechanism driver and SRIOV NIC switch agent
Can only be used for instance network attachments (device_owner = compute).
Is deployed besides an other mechanism driver and L2 agent such as OVS or Linux bridge. It offers instances direct access to the network adapter through a PCI Virtual Function (VF). This gives an instance direct access to hardware capabilities and high performance networking.
The cloud consumer can decide via the neutron APIs VNIC_TYPE attribute, if an instance gets a normal OVS port or an SRIOV port.
Due to direct connection, some features are not available when using SRIOV. For example, DVR, security groups, migration.
For more information see the SR-IOV.
MacVTap mechanism driver and MacVTap agent
Can only be used for instance network attachments (device_owner = compute) and not for attachment of other resources like routers, DHCP, and so on.
It is positioned as alternative to Open vSwitch or Linux bridge support on the compute node for internal deployments.
MacVTap offers a direct connection with very little overhead between instances and down to the adapter. You can use MacVTap agent on the compute node when you require a network connection that is performance critical. It does not require specific hardware (like with SRIOV).
Due to the direct connection, some features are not available when using it on the compute node. For example, DVR, security groups and arp-spoofing protection.
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